TOKYO -- Each day, dozens of residents in Tokyo's Setagaya district visit an office to sign up for a My Number identification card. Officials take each visitor's photo, make copies of their existing ID documents and ask them to write down four passwords. The information gets sent back to the local government, and it can take months before the card is issued.
The process has been slow due to COVID-related restrictions. Residents are asked to book appointments in advance, and slots are limited to prevent overcrowding. One resident received a notice in May, but her nearest office did not have a slot open until July.
The 12-digit My Number card, which can be used in making online applications for administrative procedures as well as for opening bank accounts and other services that require ID verification, could have flourished during COVID-19. Instead, it has become a symbol of a digitally ill-prepared Japan. The government launched the project in 2015 and spent 880 billion yen ($8 billion) to make and distribute the cards. But only 15% of the population had received a card by the time the outbreak began.
That meant Japan had no choice but to rely on paper and manual labor, a system that has been largely unchanged for decades and has proved to be extremely inefficient during the pandemic.
Last year's emergency cash handout program required residents to fill in applications and send them via post. Municipalities had to print and mail the applications to households, set up call centers to respond to inquiries, and manually process each application sent back to them. Residents had to make copies of ID documents, creating lines in convenience stores with printers. The policy was announced in April 2020, but municipalities could not start delivering the checks until June. "I called the help desk 200 times but couldn't get through," reads one complaint from an Osaka resident.
Only 15% of the population had a My Number card by the time the outbreak began. (Photo by Ken Kobayashi)
A year later, Japan is struggling with similar bottlenecks. Many countries operate online vaccine booking systems using residents' ID or mobile phone numbers. But Japan began its vaccination program by having local municipalities send out physical vaccination tickets to eligible residents. The operation was both costly and slow, resulting in less than three doses administered per 100 people at the end of April. Frustrated, Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga instructed the Self-Defense Forces to operate large inoculation centers in Tokyo and Osaka. The SDF began doing so on May 24, and the number of daily vaccinations has since surged.
These are just some of the many policies that have since been summed up as Japan's "digital defeat."
The recent embarrassments have renewed a sense of urgency and prompted Suga to launch an all-out effort to go digital. He is setting up a powerful digital agency that is expected to eventually control the government's entire IT system budget, worth about 800 billion yen in fiscal year 2020. By streamlining the software and standards across all ministries and local governments, he plans to expedite a digital overhaul of administrative procedures, as well as key sectors like health care and education.
Suga has moved swiftly. He tapped Takuya Hirai, an IT expert inside the ruling Liberal Democratic Party, to set up the digital agency and appointed Taro Kono, known for his social media savvy, as a minister for administrative reform. Sweeping legal changes to enable the transfer of authority from each ministry and municipality were approved in May, paving the way for the agency's scheduled launch in September.
Takuya Hirai, an IT expert inside the ruling Liberal Democratic Party, is in charge of setting up the digital agency. (Photo by Tetsuya Kitayama)
The ingredients for a modern digital economy are already there. Japan was an early mover in building internet infrastructure and was on the cutting edge of mobile telephony until the introduction of smartphones. The country's rapidly aging population means there is strong demand to increase productivity through technology. Making bold moves to boost the digital competitiveness of the public and private sectors can add up to 79 trillion yen to Japan's GDP by 2030, estimates McKinsey Global Institute.
Some experts say Suga faces an uphill battle in creating a competent digital organization. The endeavor will require attracting talent from Japan's tech sector, which is already making up for an engineer shortage by hiring foreign talent. Hirai has ruled out this solution. The digital agency, he said, "will not hire foreign nationals as civil servants."
Unifying systems across ministries also means busting the sectionalism, or walls, built up within each bureaucracy over decades, known as tatewari gyosei.
And a digital push in areas like health care is already being met with hesitance from the private sector.
"This is asking for a fight," said Timothy Langley, CEO of the Langley Esquire consultancy. "The setup of a digital agency means: I'm going to take power from all of you ministries; you can't hide anymore."
The idea is for the agency to combine top-down decision-making with the private sector's tech expertise. It will be placed directly under the cabinet office and led by the prime minister, with the digital minister running the day-to-day operations. A digital expert will advise the minister, a post that Hirai said could go to a private sector hire. The agency plans for 120 of its 500 employees to come from the private sector and universities.
Hirai has taken his "government as a startup" slogan on a media blitz to promote the agency's tech friendliness, appearing on talk shows on YouTube and social media apps like Clubhouse. He has minced no words in calling Japan's past digital policies a failure. "This digital defeat," he declared during an online forum last year, "is our last chance."
The hiring is being conducted by the information technology strategy office, a division of the Cabinet Secretariat. When the project launched in September, Hirai tapped a group of young officials to lead on-the-ground operations. He also brought in tech industry executives as advisers. Discussions led to the IT strategy office awarding a contract to Tokyo-based startup Herp to provide online software that manages the remote hiring process.
One adviser called this a symbolic move: The IT strategy office had previously told applicants to send in their documents via post.
"We are really a venture," Herp CEO Ichiro Shoda said, "so we have never done a government project. I think there was a credibility risk, but I think we were chosen because [the officials] sympathized with our ideas."
Shoda said his team was surprised how quickly the members involved in the recruitment process were able to grasp its software. "Officials from ministries, external advisers and aides were all using our service. We didn't spend much time explaining how to use it."
Whether bureaucrats and engineers from the private sector can work in harmony will have major implications for Japan's digital policies. A string of new laws that recently passed parliament defines the digital agency's role as an "overall coordinator" and gives the digital minister authority to make recommendations to the heads of other government ministries and agencies. The agency also has the power to build core systems on its own.
Mask usage in Tokyo is close to 100% as Japanese battle a pandemic that has left their government flustered. (Photo by Ken Kobayashi)
The projects it will oversee include having the entire population obtain a My Number card by March 2023, bringing 98% of administrative procedures online by 2025, transferring data kept in each municipality to the cloud and creating a new digital category for civil servant exams.
The targets seem ambitious. In reality, they are goals that Japan's peers have already been tackling for years. India launched its national identification system, Aadhaar, in 2010, and nearly all of its 1.3 billion people have since registered. Singapore plans to make all government services available online by 2023. Only 7.5% of Japan's 55,765 administrative procedures could be completed online as of 2019, according to the Japan Research Institute.
Japan ranked 27th in the 2020 IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking, down from 23rd in 2015. The fall contrasted to China's going from 33rd in 2015 to 16th, and South Korea, which jumped from 18th to 8th.
Japan was not always a laggard in digital technology. It built out its internet infrastructure by 2000, when it had the second most internet users in the world, just behind the U.S. In 2001, then Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori had a plan drafted for Japan to become a global IT leader within five years.
The country reached some goals, such as laying fiber-optic cables across the nation. But other targets, such as streamlining government IT systems, were largely abandoned. That left each ministry and municipality to manage its own systems. Most organizations lacked technical expertise and outsourced the projects to system integrators such as NTT, Fujitsu and NEC, creating a fragmented environment in which data cannot be shared.
One early IT adviser to the economy ministry said he was surprised by how new contracts were being awarded without much being completed. "It was like constructing a building without a door, and then starting a door construction project," the person recalled. "There was always an excuse for not being able to finish the original plan."
The lack of change came to haunt the country during the pandemic. In February, the health ministry said it found a glitch in its contact tracing app for Android users. The app failed to notify users when they came in close contact with another user who had tested positive for COVID-19. Health minister Norihisa Tamura shocked the public by admitting the app "essentially had not been functioning since September."
The health ministry in February said its contact tracing app for Android users had been malfunctioning for the previous four months. (Photo by Ken Kobayashi)
Why did the ministry fail to notice the glitch for more than four months? In May 2020, the ministry awarded the contract to Persol Process & Technology, a subsidiary of staffing firm Persol Holdings. In turn, Persol subcontracted the project to five companies, a move Persol said was due to the short time frame given to complete the project. Because the responsibilities were sliced up and spread across different companies, "there was no shared understanding over who was actually performing the final quality control," the ministry concluded after investigating the issue.
Langley says the digital agency should shoot for some quick victories to gain the public's trust. These would include abolishing the hanko stamps that Japanese use instead of signatures and shedding its reliance on the fax machine, especially at local government offices.
Bigger reforms, such as in the health care system, are more challenging, and cracks are already starting to appear. Plans to enable the My Number card to be used as an insurance card at hospitals, dentists and drugstores were delayed from the initial target date in late March. The health ministry blamed errors in some of the insurance data registered in the system. But many hospitals are also wary of the additional system costs. The ministry had planned to start trials at 500 hospitals and pharmacies, but only 54 joined.
The use of overseas cloud services to store and analyze data is another potential land mine. Japan has no local equivalent to services provided by U.S. tech giants Amazon and Microsoft. Some parts of the government already use cloud services such as Amazon's AWS. But "will the prime minister allow his own medical records to be stored on AWS?" wondered a health ministry adviser. "The debate is just starting."
Hirai believes that starting the debate is an important step forward. "Gathering the authority of each ministry and agency in one place, including the budget ... consensus building for such a move will not be possible unless it is an emergency," he said in a video presentation earlier this year. "The sense of speed is unprecedented, but it is probably the only way to do it."
