As Europe becomes a preferred playing field for Chinese foreign direct investment, leaders of bloc nations have been drawn into a debate on the creation of a long-anticipated screening mechanism.
China has the most at stake. While Chinese investment into Europe was insignificant during the first decade of the 21st century, there has been a surge since 2010, partly as a result of the global financial crisis ravaging several southern European economies and buffeting others. Some 35 billion euros ($41.2 billion) was invested last year alone, a 77% increase from 2015, according to the Mercator Institute for China Studies. All 28 members of the European Union have taken part in this bounty.
It is thus high time that member states agree on a common approach toward foreign direct investment. European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker took up this point in his annual State of the Union address last month. "If a foreign state-owned company wants to purchase a European harbor, part of our energy infrastructure or a defense technology firm, this should only happen with transparency," he said.
Juncker's comments follow a request by the economic ministers of Germany, France and Italy earlier this year for the commission to look into foreign investment in technology companies and infrastructure.
Many bloc members, however, have remained silent on the issue or even been critical. Using terminology often embraced by Chinese officials, Polish Prime Minister Beata Szydlo said in June that "Poland will firmly oppose protectionist measures in the EU." A Finnish minister was equally critical in comments after Juncker's speech.
A small step forward
The nonbinding cooperation system between member states and the union that Juncker has proposed "can be activated when a specific foreign investment in one or several member states may affect the security or public order of another." The planned framework would allow members to share details of proposed acquisitions on the grounds of security or public order, including those related to research, transport, energy or space.
Chinese businesses have been actively pursuing European technology companies. Foreign acquisitions are one of the avenues that Beijing is pursuing under its "Made in China 2025" strategy for becoming a world leader in robotics, semiconductors, alternative-energy vehicles, biopharmaceuticals and medical devices. State-owned companies have been responsible for two-thirds of the European deals, with a concentration in high-profile infrastructure projects, including ports, airports, high-speed railways and energy facilities.
Major deals since 2010 have included the purchase of Kuka, Germany's top robotics company, by appliance manufacturer Midea Group; the acquisition of a 22% stake in Energias de Portugal, that country's national grid operator, by China Three Gorges; and the Hinkley Point C nuclear power project in the U.K., which is being partly financed by a Chinese consortium.
Germany, China's largest European trading partner, has received much of the buyout interest, including 11 billion euros worth last year, led by the Kuka deal. To those accusing the EU of protectionism, it should be said the authorities have so far blocked only one deal, the purchase last year of German semiconductor company Aixtron by Fujian Grand Chip Investment Fund.
At the same time, many European companies are finding it more difficult than before to access the Chinese market. EU investments in China amounted to just $8 billion in 2016. The EU Chamber of Commerce in China has called for more reciprocity and better market access for European companies. Talks about an EU-China bilateral investment treaty have made little progress as Beijing leans toward deals with individual states.
A bloc divided
Europe is coming to grips with new realities and needs to do more to protect its companies without turning away foreign investors. This dilemma is perhaps most apparent in Greece.
After months of hesitation following his election in 2015, Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras declared that Greece intended to "serve as China's gateway into Europe." Last year, China's Cosco Shipping Ports acquired a two-thirds stake in Piraeus Port to make it a main gateway for Beijing's Belt and Road Initiative. Many Chinese companies are now using Piraeus as their principal port of entry into southern Europe.
Whether Greece will support the European Commission's plan to increase screening of foreign direct investment, or at least remain neutral, is an open question. In July, it blocked the issuance of an EU statement at the United Nations criticizing China's human-rights record.
Eastern and Central European countries that are part of the so-called 16+1 group with China, which includes 11 EU members, may also have mixed feelings about Brussels' plans. Like Greece, several of these countries have been chastised by EU and German officials since the 2008 European debt crisis. Some in Eastern Europe are also unhappy with the way Brussels has handled the refugee crisis, and all of the states need cash and have been welcoming Chinese investment in infrastructure.
This is best symbolized by the 350km Belgrade-Budapest high-speed railway project, which China Railway Group started building in 2015. The project has been slowed by a European Commission investigation into whether Hungary ignored EU competition rules in awarding construction contracts.
In acknowledging the interests of members like Greece and Hungary, the commission will have to navigate between demonstrating that Europe is open for business and trying to implement the new investment screening framework. No doubt this topic will lead to much intra-European discussions. As the continent's economy improves, it is quite possible to envisage more cross-European investment in line with the "new EU" that French President Emmanuel Macron outlined in a speech last month. But the EU will still need outside investors, and for many members, China will still appear the most likely source.
Philippe Le Corre is a research fellow with the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School and a nonresident senior fellow with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He is the co-author of "China's Offensive in Europe" (Brookings Press, 2016).
