TOKYO -- In the heyday of the Qing dynasty, the emperor who was credited with stabilizing China after years of war eventually came across a seemingly intractable foe, malaria.

Are China's memories of the Boxer Rebellion 120 years ago keeping Beijing from being open, transparent and cooperative? (Nikkei Montage/Getty Images and Xinhua/Kyodo)
Bitter memories of Boxer Rebellion make virus compensation a non-starter