HONG KONG -- Until recently, Chinese consumers and companies did not shy away from foreign brands when buying high-performance cars and trucks for their own use.

The trillions of yuan that Beijing has poured into subsidies and other financial support for companies taking part in Made in China 2025 has aggravated imbalances in the economy between production and consumption. (Nikkei montage/Source photo by Reuters)
Bill for technology upgrades and increased self-reliance reaches trillions of yuan